The governance of welfare-to-work has repeatedly been reformed since the mid-1990s. A major focus of our work is tracking the impact of largescale administrative reforms on service delivery overtime and across countries.
The Lab host’s the world’s longest-running program of research on the impact of administrative reforms, such as marketisation and digitalisation, on frontline service delivery.
Associated Projects
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The New Digital Governance of Welfare to Work
Examining the success of Workforce Australia in moving towards a 'digital first' employment system.
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Entitlement to Experiment (2016-2019)
This major research project investigated the important organisational dynamics that are generating major changes to contemporary welfare states.
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Increasing Innovation and Flexibility (2011-2015)
This project explored how tax-funded social services are delivered by non-government agencies in Australia.
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Activating States (2008-2012)
Using benchmark data collected in 1998, the project investigated whether and how the so-called ‘activation’ of welfare clients has changed the frontline delivery of welfare-to-work services.
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Evaluation of Pre-Employment Card Implementation
This research project evaluated the implementation of Re-employment Card program – a major shift in the Indonesian government’s approach to helping jobseekers.
Associated Publications
Latest publication
Carter, C., McGann, M., Ball, S., Nguyen, P., Considine, M., Lewis, J.M., (2025), The New Digital Governance of Welfare-to-Work: Report on Interviews with Workforce Australia Online Participants. University of Melbourne.
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Carter, C., McGann, M., Ball, S., Nguyen, P., Considine, M., Lewis, J.M., (2025), The New Digital Governance of Welfare-to-Work: Report on Interviews with Workforce Australia Online Participants. University of Melbourne.
Ball, S., Carter, C., Considine, M., Lewis, J.M., McGann, M., and Nguyen, P., (2023), Industry Report on Survey of Workforce Australia Frontline Staff (1.14MB pdf), the University of MelbourneBall, S., Considine, M., Lewis, J.M., McGann, M., Nguyen, P., and O’Sullivan, S. (2022), Industry report from focus groups (587KB pdf), the University of Melbourne
Ball, S., McGann, M., Considine, M., Lewis, J.M., O’Sullivan, S., and Nguyen, P. (2022), Digital Governance of Welfare to Work: Industry report on interviews with international expert (939KB pdf), the University of Melbourne
Lewis, J.M., Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S., Nguyen, P. and McGann, M. (2018), From Entitlement to Experiment: Industry report on case studies of high providing providers (1.1MB pdf), the University of Melbourne
Lewis, J.M., Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S., Nguyen, P. and McGann, M. (2017), From Entitlement to Experiment: The new governance of welfare to work – UK Report back to Industry Partners (585KB pdf), the University of Melbourne
Lewis, J.M., Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S., Nguyen, P. and McGann, M. (2016), From Entitlement to Experiment: The new governance of welfare to work – Australian Report back to Industry Partners (680KB pdf), the University of Melbourne
Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S., Nguyen, P. and Toso, F (2013), Increasing Innovation and Flexibility in Social Service Delivery: A Comparison of the Australian and UK 2012 Frontline Employment Services Survey Results (1.1MB pdf), the University of Melbourne
Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S., Nguyen, P. and Toso, F (2013), Increasing Innovation and Flexibility in Social Service Delivery: UK Report back to Industry Partners (1.1MB pdf), the University of Melbourne
Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S., Nguyen, P. and Toso, F (2013), Increasing Innovation and Flexibility in Social Service Delivery: Australian Report back to Industry Partners (1.2MB pdf), the University of Melbourne
Considine, M., Lewis, J.M. and O’Sullivan, S. (2009), Activating States: transforming the delivery of ‘welfare to work’ services in Australia, the UK and the Netherlands – UK report back to Industry Partners (325KB pdf), the University of MelbourneConsidine, M., Lewis, J.M. and O’Sullivan, S. (2008), Activating States: transforming the delivery of ‘welfare to work’ services in Australia, the UK and the Netherlands – Australian report back to Industry Partners (330KB pdf), the University of Melbourne
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McGann, M. (2023). The Marketisation of Welfare-To-Work in Ireland: Governing Activation at the Street-Level. Bristol Policy Press.
Considine, M. (2022). The Careless State. Melbourne University Publishing.
O'Sullivan, S., McGann, M. and Considine, M. (2021) Buying and Selling the Poor, Sydney: Sydney University Press.Considine, M., Lewis, J., O'Sullivan, S. and Sol, E. (2015), Getting Welfare to Work: Street-Level Governance in Australia, the UK and the Netherlands, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Considine, M. and O'Sullivan, S., (eds.) (2015), Contracting-out Welfare Services: Comparing National Policy Designs for Unemployment Assistance, Oxford: Wiley BlackwellConsidine, M. and O’Sullivan, S. (2014), “Introduction: Markets and the New Welfare - Buying and Selling the Poor,” in Social Policy and Administration, 48 (2), pp. 119-126
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Ball, S., McGann, M., Nguyen, P., & Considine, M. (2023). Emerging modes of digitalisation in the delivery of welfare-to-work: Implications for street-level discretion. Social Policy & Administration, 1–15.
Considine, M., McGann, M., Ball, S. and Nguyen, P. (2022), Can Robots Understand Welfare? Exploring Machine Bureaucracies in Welfare-to-Work, in Journal of Social Policy 51(3) pp 519-534.
Nguyen, P., Putra, F., Considine, M. and Sanusi, A., 2023. Activation through welfare conditionality and marketisation in active labour market policies: Evidence from Indonesia. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 82(4), pp.488-506.
Lewis, M., Nguyen, P., Considine, M., (2021) Are policy tools and governance modes coupled? Analysing welfare-to-work reform at the frontline, Policy and Society, Volume 40, Issue 3, September 2021, pp 397–413
Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S., McGann, M. and Nguyen, P. (2020), “Contracting personalization by results: comparing marketization reforms in Australia and the UK”, in Public Administration: An International Quarterly. Wiley, March 2020
Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S., McGann, M. and Nguyen, P. (2019), “Locked-in or locked-out: Can a public services market really change?” (280kb pdf) in Journal of Social Policy, pp. 1-22. Please see infographic on ‘Can a public services market change: flexibility at the frontline?’
McGann, M., Danneris, S., and O’Sullivan, S. (2019), “Introduction: Rethinking welfare-to-work for the long-term unemployed," accepted for publication in Social Policy & Society
McGann, M., Nguyen, P. and Considine, M. (2019), “Welfare Conditionality and Blaming the Unemployed,” (460kb pdf) in Administration and Society
O’Sullivan, S., McGann, M. and Considine, M. (2019), “The Category Game and its Impact on Street Level Bureaucrats and Jobseekers: An Australian Case Study," (360kb pdf) in Social Policy & Society. Please see infographic on ‘Streaming and Assessment’
Considine, M., Nguyen, P., and O’Sullivan, S. (2018), “New Public Management and the Rule of Economic Incentives: Australian Welfare-to-Work from Job Market Signalling Perspective,” in Public Management Review, 20(8), pp. 1186-1204
Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S. and Nguyen, P. (2018), “The Policy-maker’s Dilemma: The Risks and Benefits of a ‘Black Box’ Approach to Commissioning Active Labour Market Programs,” in Social Policy and Administration, 52(1), pp. 229-52
Considine, M., McGann, M., O’Sullivan, S., Nguyen, P. and Lewis, J.M. (2018) Improving Outcomes for Disadvantaged Jobseekers: The Next Generation of Employment Services (1.9Mb pdf) The Policy Lab, The University of Melbourne
Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S. and Nguyen, P. (2014), “Governance, Boards of Directors and the Impact of Contracting on Not-for-profit (NFP) Organisations: an Australian study,” in Social Policy and Administration, 48 (2), pp. 169-187Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S. and Nguyen, P. (2014), “New public management and welfare-to-work in Australia: Comparing the reform agendas of the ALP and the Coalition,” in Australian Journal of Political Science, 49(3), pp. 469-485
Considine, M., O’Sullivan, S. and Nguyen, P. (2014), “Mission-drift? The Third Sector and the pressure to be business-like: Evidence from Job Services Australia,” in Third Sector Review, 20(1), pp. 87-107
Considine, M. and O'Sullivan, S. (2012), “Les réformes de l’activation des aides aux chômeurs en Australie” (The Reform of Active Labour Market Policy in Australia) in Informations Sociales
Considine, M. and Lewis, J.M. (2012) “Networks and Interactivity: Ten years of Street-level Governance in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Australia,” in Public Management Review, 14(1), pp. 1-22
Considine, M. and O'Sullivan, S. (2012), “Les réformes de l’activation des aides aux chômeurs en Australie” (The Reform of Active Labour Market Policy in Australia), in Informations Sociales
Considine, M., Lewis, J. and O'Sullivan, S. (2011), “Quasi-Markets and Service Delivery Flexibility Following a Decade of Employment Assistance Reform in Australia,” in Journal of Social Policy, 40, pp. 811-833
Considine, M. and Lewis, J.M. (2010) “Front-line work in employment services after ten years of New Public Management reform: Governance and activation in Australia, the Netherlands and the UK,” in European Journal of Social Security, 12(4), pp. 357-370
Considine, M., Lewis, J.M. and O’Sullivan, S. (2009), Activating States: transforming the delivery of ‘welfare to work’ services in Australia, the UK and the Netherlands – UK report back to Industry
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Publications associated with the Entitlement to Experiment project:
Infographic on ‘Jobseeker streaming and assessment’ (140kb pdf)
Infographic on ‘Can a public services market change: flexibility at the frontline?’ (195kb pdf)